Table 2 Group comparisons of demographic, serologic, clinical, electrophysiologic, and imaging data of all study participants

Age (years)

57.8 ± 7.1

53.9 ± 7.2

59.5 ± 8.2

0.151^a

0.408^c

0.492^c

0.152^c

BMI (kg/m²)

26.5 ± 3.5

26.9 ± 5.2

29.2 ± 3.7

0.086^a

0.828^c

0.135^c

0.233^c

Diabetes duration (years)

NA

29.9 ± 18.3

9.7 ± 9.3

0.002^e

NA

NA

NA

Sex (w/m)

8 w/6 m

5 w/5 m

14 w/14 m

0.903^d

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b

MTR

0.269 ± 0.053

0.285 ± 0.027

0.211 ± 0.071

0.004^d

 > 0.999^b

0.039^b

0.015^b

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

37.0 ± 6.0

58.6 ± 9.8

50.3 ± 8.7

 < 0.001^a

 < 0.001^c

 < 0.001^c

0.009^c

eGFR (mL/min)

92.3 ± 15.4

90.9 ± 20.1

87.2 ± 15.3

0.697^d

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b

NDS

1.4 ± 1.3

2.9 ± 2.9

2.8 ± 2.7

0.175^a

0.256^c

0.228^c

0.920^c

NSS

1.6 ± 3.3

2.0 ± 3.1

3.8 ± 3.4

0.084^d

 > 0.999^b

0.099^b

0.636^b

Sural NCV (m/s)

45.5 ± 4.6

47.1 ± 3.8

47.8 ± 7.5

0.397^d

 > 0.999^b

0.539^b

 > 0.999^b

Sural SNAP (μV)

8.5 ± 6.0

5.7 ± 3.7

5.2 ± 3.0

0.265^d

0.657^b

0.377^b

 > 0.999^b

Peroneal nerve NCV (m/s)

45.3 ± 4.2

40.1 ± 6.3

42.3 ± 6.6

0.107^a

0.117^c

0.253^c

0.341^c

Peroneal nerve CMAP (mV)

9.0 ± 6.1

5.6 ± 2.4

5.9 ± 3.1

0.105^d

0.295^b

0.140^b

 > 0.999^b

Peroneal nerve DML (ms)

5.5 ± 3.3

6.3 ± 4.5

5.8 ± 3.4

0.670^d

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b

Tibial nerve NCV (m/s)

44.9 ± 4.0

41.2 ± 6.4

41.3 ± 6.7

0.170^a

0.262^c

0.218^c

0.958^c

Tibial nerve CMAP (mV)

15.8 ± 7.4

13.1 ± 8.2

12.6 ± 5.8

0.361^a

0.563^c

0.414^c

0.846^c

Tibial nerve DML (ms)

5.7 ± 4.2

6.0 ± 4.8

6.0 ± 4.5

0.636^d

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b

 > 0.999^b