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European Radiology Experimental
Fig. 3 | European Radiology Experimental

Fig. 3

From: Dynamic changes of mitral valve annulus geometry at preprocedural CT: relationship with functional classes of regurgitation

Fig. 3

Transesophageal echocardiographic (TOE) images of mitral regurgitation (MR) according to the Carpentier classification. The MR flow direction is represented by an orange arrow. (a) An example of Carpentier type I: long-axis midesophageal (ME) view TOE showing normal valve anatomy with no prolapse or tethering but atrial dilatation/dysfunction (atrial MR) with horizontal coaptation of the leaflet (white arrow). (b) An example of Carpentier type II: prolapse of posterior leaflet (white arrow) in a valve with myxomatous degeneration (Barlow’s disease). (c) Carpentier type IIIa. Long-axis ME view TOE showing diastolic movement restriction (white arrows) in a valve affected by rheumatic disease. Of note, leaflet thickening and retraction with “hockey stick” morphology of anterior leaflet (white arrow on the right side). (d) Carpentier type IIIb. Long-axis ME view TOE showing systolic movement restriction in a patient with previous anterior myocardial infarction. Of note, the coaptation gap between mitral valve leaflets (white arrow)

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