Table 2 Texture features that showed significantly different mean values comparing lesions (benign and malignant) versus normal tissue (fat and fibroglandular) and corresponding area under the curve (AUC)

5.48 ± 0.35

5.65 ± 0.24

< 0.00001 for all

0.67 (0.63–0.71)

153.53 ± 23.59

137.75 ± 20.12

0.70 (0.66–0.73)

24.10 ± 9.87

40.10 ± 12.5

0.84 (0.81–0.87)

0.88 ± 0.06

0.81 ± 0.06

0.80 (0.65–0.83)

3.4 × 10⁻³ ± 1.5 × 10⁻³

2.2 × 10⁻³ ± 0.7 × 10⁻³

0.83 (0.80–0.86)

0.36 ± 0.05

0.33 ± 0.04

0.72 (0.69–0.76)

26.43 ± 12.38

40.94 ± 13.41

0.80 (0.76–0.83)

0.87 ± 0.06

0.81 ± 0.07

0.78 (0.74–0.82)

3.9 × 10⁻³ ± 1.4 × 10⁻³

2.6 × 10⁻³ ± 0.7 × 10⁻³

0.86 (0.82–0.88)

0.36 ± 0.05

0.33 ± 0.04

0.71 (0.66–0.74)

78.42 ± 77.69

156.28 ± 104.76

0.79 (0.76–0.83)

1,870.43 ± 1,792.01

4,085.00 ± 2,628.83

0.82 (0.79–0.85)

1,706.53 ± 209.23

1,635.50 ± 197.26

0.61 (0.57–0.65)

0.91 ± 0.02

0.92 ± 0.04

0.69 (0.65–0.73)

1.47 ± 0.17

1.39 ± 0.12

0.65 (0.61–0.69)

78.53 ± 77.67

156.36 ± 104.73

0.79 (0.76–0.83)

1,871.42 ± 1,786.51

4,080.90 ± 2,622.01

0.82 (0.79–0.85)

1,677.30 ± 196.74

1,598.70 ± 168.52

0.61 (0.57–0.65)

5.38 ± 3.34

4.07 ± 2.38

0.66 (0.62–0.70)

1,221.08 ± 45.52

1,191.37 ± 86.03

0.67 (0.63–0.71)