Table 1 Comparison between real and deep learning-generated radiomic features (p-values according to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test)

Grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)

Inverse difference moment

0.984025

Grey level size zone matrix (GLSZM)

Zone percentage

0.934856

Grey level dependence matrix (GLDM)

Small dependence emphasis

0.932657

Grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)

Inverse difference

0.926064

First order

Robust mean absolute deviation

0.903346

GLSZM

Small area low grey level emphasis

0.860311

Grey level run length matrix (GLRLM)

Run percentage

0.827381

GLRLM

High grey level run emphasis

0.729491

GLSZM

Grey level non-uniformity normalised

0.696774

GLRLM

Long run emphasis

0.676057

GLCM

Sum entropy

0.658063

GLRLM

Long run high grey level emphasis

0.652292

GLRLM

Run entropy

0.652292

First order

Entropy

0.643479

GLCM

Inverse variance

0.616719

GLRLM

Short run high grey level emphasis

0.582172

GLDM

High grey level emphasis

0.574195

GLCM

Joint energy

0.570327

GLCM

Joint entropy

0.570327

GLRLM

Run length non-uniformity normalised

0.570327

GLRLM

Short run emphasis

0.570327

First order

90 percentile

0.541180

GLDM

Small dependence low grey level emphasis

0.512551

First order

Interquartile range

0.498064

GLCM

Inverse difference normalised

0.456086

GLDM

Large dependence emphasis

0.450880

GLDM

Dependence variance

0.445137

GLSZM

Low grey level zone emphasis

0.445137

First order

Mean absolute deviation

0.414534

GLCM

Autocorrelation

0.407415

GLDM

Dependence non-uniformity normalised

0.403944

First order

Mean

0.389392

GLRLM

Run variance

0.375333

GLRLM

Grey level non-uniformity normalised

0.324190

GLCM

Maximum probability

0.307686

Neighbouring grey tone difference matrix (NGTDM)

Strength

0.272504

GLCM

Cluster tendency

0.267111

GLCM

Inverse difference moment normalised

0.264157

GLDM

Dependence entropy

0.261878

GLRLM

Short run low grey level emphasis

0.227646

First order

Minimum

0.212067

GLSZM

Large area high grey level emphasis

0.202291

First order

Root mean squared

0.186989

GLSZM

Large area emphasis

0.178996

GLDM

Grey level variance

0.170028

GLCM

Joint average

0.160908

GLCM

Sum average

0.160908

First order

Uniformity

0.133892

GLDM

Small dependence high grey level emphasis

0.124894

GLSZM

Zone variance

0.119210

First order

Variance

0.108119

GLCM

Sum squares

0.108119

GLSZM

High grey level zone emphasis

0.105973

GLDM

Large dependence low grey level emphasis

0.082337

GLSZM

Size zone non-uniformity normalised

0.074667

GLSZM

Small area emphasis

0.073186

GLSZM

Large area low grey level emphasis

0.069577

GLRLM

Grey level variance

0.066007

GLCM

Informational measure of correlation 2

0.052283

GLRLM

Low grey level run emphasis

0.045409

GLSZM

Small area high grey level emphasis

0.044462

GLCM

Cluster prominence

0.022046

GLSZM

Grey level variance

0.021275

NGTDM

Contrast

0.020502

First order

10^th percentile

0.015568

GLDM

Low grey level emphasis

0.014150

GLCM

Difference entropy

0.011605

GLSZM

Zone entropy

0.010051

GLRLM

Long run low grey level emphasis

0.008825

GLCM

Informational measure of correlation 1

0.006491

GLCM

Difference average

0.005938

GLCM

Maximal correlation coefficient

0.005586

GLDM

Large dependence high grey level emphasis

0.003520

First order

Maximum

0.002755

GLCM

Cluster shade

0.002638

First order

Range

0.001136

First order

Median

0.000355

GLCM

Contrast

0.000251

GLDM

Dependence non-uniformity

0.000230

GLSZM

Size zone non-uniformity

7.60E-05

NGTDM

Busyness

6.60E-05

GLCM

Correlation

2.40E-05

GLSZM

Grey level non-uniformity

1.40E-05

NGTDM

Complexity

1.40E-05

GLCM

Difference variance

5.00E-06

NGTDM

Coarseness

0.000000

First order

Skewness

0.000000

First order

Energy

0.000000

First order

Total energy

0.000000

First order

Kurtosis

0.000000

GLRLM

Run length non-uniformity

0.000000

GLDM

Grey level non-uniformity

0.000000

GLRLM

Grey level non-uniformity

0.000000