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Table 2 Contrast-to-noise ratios for all evaluated parameters

From: Optimised passive marker device visibility and automatic marker detection for 3-T MRI-guided endovascular interventions: a pulsatile flow phantom study

Evaluated parameters

Median blood-artifact CNR (IQR)

p-value w.r.t baseline sequence

Median agar-artifact CNR (IQR)

p-value w.r.t baseline sequence

GRE

Baseline sequence (a)

141.2 (129.4–150.0)

 

15.8 (11.2–19.9)

 

Conc. 12.5 mg/mL

148.2 (133.1–155.3)

< 0.001

20.7 (16.6–23.6)

< 0.001

Conc. 25 mg/mL

148.5 (139.0–161.2)

< 0.001

25.7 (23.4–27.4)

< 0.001

Conc. 50 mg/mL

155.8 (141.3–162.1)

< 0.001

28.5 (27.4–29.7)

< 0.001

Sequence b

166.6 (156.8–175.3)

< 0.001

14.6 (3.6–20.1)

0.276

Sequence c

240.5 (224.4–248.5)

< 0.001

12.9 (7.2–25.4)

0.840

Sequence d

360.3 (349.9–366.2)

< 0.001

32.7 (27.9–38.0)

< 0.001

ST: 10 mm

133.8 (126.8–145.9)

0.042

10.5 (4.6–15.8)

0.014

PED: parallel

125.1 (116.9–137.6)

< 0.001

10.2 (4.7–57.5)

0.026

bSSFP

Baseline sequence (e)

399.5 (389.5–406.3)

 

2.4 (-0.7–5.2)

 

Conc. 12.5 mg/mL

387.3 (380.6–395.4)

0.003

37.6 (36.7–43.5)

< 0.001

Conc. 25 mg/mL

397.1 (393.4–402.6)

0.500

57.3 (54.2–62.1)

< 0.001

Conc. 50 mg/mL

478.9 (466.1–483.4)

< 0.001

53.3 (51.0–59.4)

< 0.001

Sequence f

572.6 (556.0–584.7)

< 0.001

17.1 (14.9–23.3)

< 0.001

Sequence g

766.2 (704.6–823.5)

< 0.001

59.6 (55.8–65.1)

< 0.001

Sequence h

NA.

NA

NA

NA

ST 10 mm

414.2 (402.5–423.6)

< 0.001

1.8 (-1.5–8.5)

0.443

PED parallel

264.0 (252.9–272.2)

< 0.001

2.3 (0.6–6.0)

0.800

  1. bSSFP Balanced steady-state free precession, CNR Contrast-to-noise ratio, Conc. Concentration, GRE Gradient recalled echo, NA Not available, IQR Interquartile range, PED Phase encoding direction, ST Slice thickness, TE Echo time, TR Repetition time, w.r.t. With respect to. Baseline sequences (a, e) and modified sequences (b, c, d, f, g, and h) are described in Table 1