Skip to main content
European Radiology Experimental
Fig. 1 | European Radiology Experimental

Fig. 1

From: A novel roadmap connecting the 1H-MRS total choline resonance to all hallmarks of cancer following targeted therapy

Fig. 1

ATF6, PERK, and IRE1 branches of a layered UPR signalling network. Layer 1—unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. Layer 2—ATF6, PERK, and IRE1 transmembrane ER sensors. Layer 3—core processors. Layer 4—ATF6(N), ATF4, and XBP1s transcription factors. Layer 5—UPR genome. Layer 6—cellular programmes regulating cell death, lipid synthesis, ERAD, production of chaperones, redox enzymes, and GADD34. ATF4, Activated transcription factor 4; ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6; ATF6(N), Activated transcription factor 6 N-terminal cytosolic fragment; elF2, Eukaryocyte initiation factor 2; ER, Endoplasmic reticulum, ERAD, Endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation; GADD34, Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein; IRE1, Inositol requiring enzyme 1; P, Phosphorylation; PERK, Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase; S1P, Site-1 protease; S2P, Site-2 protease; UPR, Unfolded protein response; XBP1s, X-box binding protein1s with subscript s indicating nonconventional mRNA splicing transmits UPR signalling. Adapted with permission from Walter et al. [15]

Back to article page