Fig. 3

A 59-year-old female with newly diagnosed left breast invasive ductal carcinoma grade 3 with known metastatic left axillary lymphadenopathy. a–d Initial staging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 21 days after HydroMARK placement. The marker (arrow) is seen with high confidence on the T2-weigheted water-only fast spin-echo image (a), the unenhanced fat-suppressed three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-recalled image (c), and the first contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-recalled image (d), while it is seen with low confidence on the T2-weigheted fat-only fast spin-echo image (b). e–h NAT follow-up MRI performed approximately 6 months after marker placement shows decreased size of lymph node. After NAT, the marker (arrow) is seen with high confidence on the T2-weigheted water-only fast spin-echo image (e) and the first contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-recalled image (h) sequences, while it is seen with low confidence visibility on the T2-weigheted fat-only fast spin-echo image (f) and the unenhanced fat-suppressed three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-recalled image (g). Note, the decreased T2 brightness of the marker gel content 6 months after placement (e) compared to the initial MRI after placement (a)