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Table 1 Clinical indications of the different immune checkpoint inhibitors

From: Imaging of tumour response to immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitor

Target

Indications

Ipilimumab

CTLA-4

Colorectal cancer, metastatic (microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient in combination with nivolumab)

Melanoma, unresectable, or metastatic in combination with nivolumab

Melanoma, adjuvant treatment

Advanced renal cell cancer, in combination with nivolumab

Pembrolizumab

PD-1

Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer

Advanced or metastatic gastric cancer

Head and neck cancer, squamous cell, unresectable/recurrent or metastatic, alone or in combination with chemotherapy

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hodgkin lymphoma, classical, relapsed or refractory

Melanoma, adjuvant treatment

Melanoma, unresectable or metastatic

Merkel cell carcinoma, recurrent or metastatic

Microsatellite instability-high cancer, unresectable or metastatic

NSCLC, stage III or metastatic, single-agent therapy

NSCLC, metastatic, non-squamous, combination therapy with chemotherapy

Primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, relapsed or refractory

Advanced renal cell carcinoma

Small cell lung cancer, metastatic

Urothelial carcinoma, locally advanced or metastatic

Nivolumab

PD-1

Like pembrolizumab

Cemiplimab

PD-1

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, metastatic or locally advanced

Atezolizumab

PD-L1

Breast cancer (triple-negative), locally advanced or metastatic in combination with nab-paclitaxel

NSCLC, metastatic: first line with bevacizumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin

Previously-treated NSCLC: monotherapy

Small cell lung cancer, extensive-stage: first-line treatment with carboplatin and etoposide

Urothelial carcinoma, locally advanced or metastatic

Durvalumab

PD-L1

NSCLC (stage III), unresectable, initiated within 6 weeks after chemo-radiotherapy

Urothelial carcinoma, locally advanced or metastatic

Avelumab

PD-L1

Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma

Advanced renal cell carcinoma, in combination with axitinib

Urothelial carcinoma, locally advanced or metastatic

  1. CTLA4 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer, PD-1 Programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1 Programmed cell death protein ligand 1