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Table 5 Design and realisation of brain perfusion phantoms for quantitative perfusion imaging (PI)

From: Quantitative imaging: systematic review of perfusion/flow phantoms

1st author, year [reference]

Perfusion measure(s)

Phantom performance

Q

Direct comparison with Q

 Klotz, 1999 [29]

BF

r = 0.990

50–140 mL/min

 Wang, 2010 [27]

BF

r > 0.834

45–180 mL/min

 Mathys, 2012 [31]

BF

r = 0.995

200–600 mL/min

 Peladeau-Pigeon, 2013 [12]

BF

r = 0.992

210–450 mL/min

 Ohno, 2017 [33]

BF

r > 0.90

240–480 mL/min

 Ziemer, 2015 [40]

BF

r = 0.98

0.96–2.49 mL/g/min

 O’Doherty, 2017 [36]

BF

r = 0.99

1–5 mL/g/min

 Andersen, 2000 [9]

BF

ε ≈ 0.015 ± 0.03 cm/s

ε ≈ 0.001 ± 0.03 cm/s

0.015 ± 0.002 cm/s

0.570 ± 0.003 cm/s

 Ressner, 2006 [39]

BF

ε > 40%

ε < 20%

1–3 cm/s

5–7 cm/s

 Zarinabad, 2012 [35]

BF

ε = 0.007 ± 0.002 mL/g/min

ε = 0.23 ± 0.26 ml/g/min

0.5 mL/g/min

5 mL/g/min

 Zarinabad, 2014 [34]

BF

ε < 0.03 mL/g/min

ε < 0.05 ml/g/min

2.5–5 mL/g/min

1–2.5 mL/g/min

 Suzuki, 2017 [25]

BF

ε ≈ 0.0589 ± 0.0108 mL/g/min

0.1684 mL/g/min

 Hashimoto, 2018 [24]

BF

ε ≈ 0.0446 ± 0.0130 mL/g/min

0.1684 mL/g/min

 Ebrahimi, 2019 [32]

BF

BF/Q > 0.6

0.12–1.2 mL/min

Indirect comparison with Q

 

 Veltmann, 2002 [17]

rkin

r > 0.984, χ2 < 0.019

10–45 mL/min

 Chai, 2002 [20]

∆SI ratio

r = 0.995

50–300 mL/min

 Cangür, 2004 [28]

TTP

PSI

AUC

PG

FWHM

r = -0.964

r = 0.683

r = 0.668

r = 0.907

r = -0.63

1.8–21.6 mL/min

 Myer-Wiethe, 2005 [16]

∆SI

r = 0.99

4.5–36 mL/min

 Lee, 2016 [19]

fp

r > 0.838

1–3 mL/min

 O’Doherty, 2017 [36]

SI

r = 0.99

r = 0.99

1–5 mL/g/min (MRI)

1.2–5.1 mL/g/min (MRI vs PET)

 Kim, 2016 [14]

AUC

Efficiency <50%

0.1–2.0 mL/min

 Claassen, 2001 [30]

AUC, PSI, MTT

No clear correlation with Q

 
  1. Phantom performance is predominantly listed in correlation statistics (rχ2) and absolute errors (ε). A distinction is made between direct and indirect comparison with a “ground truth” flow measure (Q), which consists of theoretical or experimental values. BF Blood flow, TTP Time to peak, MTT Mean transit time, AUC Area under the curve, (P)SI Peak signal intensity, fp Perfusion fraction, rkin Replenishment kinetics, FWHM Full width at half maximum, PG Positive gradient