From: Investigation into cardiac sympathetic innervation during the commencement of haemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease
Frequency or mean ± standard deviation
Controls (n = 9)
Patients
Pre-HD (n = 18)
Chronic HD (n = 18)
Late heart-to-mediastinum ratio (HMR)
2.9 ± 0.58
2.4 ± 0.76
2.3 ± 0.64
Positive for cardiac sympathetic innervation abnormalitiesa
0
4
5